Degrees of Comparison

Degrees of Comparison

Degrees of Comparison

Degrees of comparison को comparison of adjectives भी कहते हैं। अतुलनात्मक प्रयोग की दृष्टि से adjective की तीन अवस्थाएँ (degrees) होती हैं।

(1) Positive  (2) Comparative (3) Superlative

 

POSITIVE DEGREES

 

POSITIVE DEGREE से किसी वस्तु की सामान्य अवस्था का बोध होता है। वाक्यों में इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार से किया जाता है।

Subject+be+Adjectve;

  • (1) Rani is weak

  • (2) Radha is tall.

  • (3) They are Lazy

  • (4) We were happy

Subject+be+as+adjective+as+ noun/pronoun

  • (1) Shilpi is as intelligent as Ritu.

  • (2) Saurabh is as rich as Gaurav.

Comparative degree

जब दो व्यक्तियों अथवा वस्तुओं के गुणों की तुलना यह जानने के लिए की जाती है कि किसका गुण अधिक या कम है, तो comparative degree का प्रयोग करते हैं। इसका प्रयोग वाक्यों में निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार से होता है।

 subject +be+adjective+ er/r+than+ Noun/proonoun:

  • (1) She is taller than Sheela.

  • (2) This tree is higher than that one.

Superlative degree

  • इस degree का प्रयोग दो से अधिक व्यक्तियन अथवा वस्तुओ के गुणों  के की तुलना  करने में किया जाता है इसके प्रयोग से इस बात का पता लगता है कि किसी गुण विशेष की मात्रा किसमे सबसे अधिक अथवा सबसे कम है.

  • इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित दो रूपों में किया जाता है।

  • Subject +the+ adjective + est/st + Noun/Pronoun:

  • (1) Divya is the shortest girl in her class.

  • (2) Narendra is the Bravest student in his school.

 

(2) Subject + be + the+ most+/least + noun/pronoun:

 

  • (1) Anuradha is the most careless girl in her hostel.

  • (2) The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful building in the world.

  • Formation of degrees

  • Positive degree से comparativओर superlative degrees बनाना

  • अधिकांश adjective की positive degree में -er लगाने से comparative degrees और -est लगाने से superlative degree बन जाती है।

  • Degrees of Comparison (2)
    Degrees of Comparison

Positive. Comparative  superlative positive comparative superlative

Dear dearer. Dearest fast faster fastest

Great greater greatest; hard harder hardest

Long longer longest; high higher highest

Clever cleverer cleverest; old older oldest

Poor poorer poorest; sweet sweeter sweetest

Small smaller smallest; short shorter shortest

Tall taller tallest; weak weaker weakest

अगर adjective की positive degree का अंतिम अक्षर e हो तो comparative degree बनाने के लिए केवल r तथा superlative बनाने में केवल st जोड़ते हैं जैसे

Brave  braver bravest noble nobler noblest

Wise wiser wisest able abler ablest

Large larger largest fine finer finest

यदि positive degree में शब्द के अंत में एक ही consonant हो और उससे पहले एक ही vowel (aeiou) हो तो‘er’ तथा ‘est’ लगते समय अंतिम अक्षर double. हो जाता है. जैसे

Thin thinner thinnest fat fatter fattest

Wet wetter wettest hot hotter hottest

Big bigger biggest redder reddest

यदि adjective काअंतिम अक्षर yy हो ओर y  के पहले कोई ( consonant आयेतो‘y”

को I में बदलकर er और est लगते हैं, किन्तु y से पहले कोई स्वर हो तो positive degree से comparative degree और superlative degree बनाने में y को I में नहीं बदलते हैं, जैसे

Easy easier easiest happy happier happiest

Heavy heavier heaviest dry drier driest

Gay gayer gayest grey greyer greyest

जिन adjectives में दो या अधिक syllables हों, उनकी positive degree में more और most लगाकर comparative degree और superlative degree बनाई जाती है, जैसे

Beautiful  more beautiful most beautiful

Difficult more difficult most difficult

Intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

Courageous more courageous most courageous

Learned more learned most learned

Careless more careless most careless

कुछ positive degree कीcomparative तथा superlative degree अनियमित रूप से बनती है. जैसे

Bad worse worst good better best

Many more most late later, latter latest, last

Little less least much  more most

Old older, elder oldest, eldest; far farther farthest

Note: (1) comparative degree के पश्चात्  than का प्रयोग किया जाता है.

जैसे He is older than.

2. She is more beautiful than Gita.

Interior आंतरिक exterior (बाह्य) ulterior. (दूर का ) Major (बाद) , minor (चोट) कक प्रयोग positive degree में ही होता है

1. This question is of minor importance to me

(3)  top का comparative  degree में कोई रूप नही है जबकि इनकी superlative degree ‘topmost’ hai

4) degrees of comparison केवल adjective of quality  तथा adjective of quantity में ही होती है।

Transformation

Interchange of degrees of comparison

Interchange of degrees of comparison. में degree तो बदल जाती है, परंतु वाक्य का अर्थ नहीं बदलता है, जैसे

Ram is the best boy. (superlative degree)

Ram is better than any other boy. (comparative degree)

No other boy is as good as Ram.

(positive degree)

positive degree का comparative degree में परिवर्तन

Rule 1 जब एक noun  की तुलना दूसरे noun से इस प्रकार की जय की एक को दूसरे सेअधिक अच्छा या अधिक खराब बताया जाए अथवा मात्रात्मक दृष्टिकोण से एक noun दूसरे से अधिक या कम हो तो अग्रलिखित रचना-सूत्र का मे लेती है.

  • Noun (subject) +is/are/am+ notas/so+positivedegreeofadjevtive +as+Noun(object (positive degree_

  • (b) Noun+is+ar/am + comparative degree of adjective+ than /to+Noun (comparative degree)

  • Ex  1 positive:  Gita is not so tall as Manju.

  • Comparative: Manju is taller than Gita.

2 Positive: Sushma is not as/so beautiful as Priya.

Comparative: Priya is more beautiful than Sushma.

Rule2 . जब sentence में एक noun की तुलना उसी वर्ग या जाति के अन्य noun से की गई हो तो निम्नलिखित रचना सूत्र का प्रयोग किया जाता है

Rule

  • No other/veryfew + Noun (object) +is/are/am +as +as+positive degree of adj+ as+ nou+ (objective) (positive)

  • (b) Noun+is/amre/am+ comparative degree of adjective +than/to+anyother+noun

  • Ex

  • Positive: NO other state of India is as/so big as Rajasthan.

  • Comparative: Rajasthan is bigger than any other state of India.

  • Positive: No other road in India is as/so long as the G.T. Road.

  • Comparative: G.T . Road is longer than any other road in India.

  • (B) Comparative degree का positive degree में परिवर्तन

  • Comparative: Kalidas is greater than any other poet of India.

  • Positive: No other poet of India is as great as Kalidas.

  • Positive degree का superlative degree. में परिवर्तन

  • Positive: Very few girls are as/so beautiful as Pramila.

  • Superlative: Pramila is one of the most beautiful girls.

  • Positive: No other city in India is as/so big as Mumbai

  • Superlative: Mumbai is the biggest city in India.

  • Superlative degree का positive degree में परिवर्तन

Positive degree

Superlative: Everest is the highest peak in the world.

Positive: No other peak in the world is as high as Everest.

Superlative: He is the best boy in this class.

Positive: No other boy in this class is as good as he.

Superlative: The Taj is the most beautiful building.

Positive: No other building is as beautiful as the Taj.

4. Superlative: Mumbai is the biggest city in India.

Positive: No other city in India is as big as Mumbai.

Comparative degree  का superlative degree में परिवर्तन

Comparative: Iron is more useful than any other metal.

Superlative: Iron is the most useful metal.

Comparative: Shakespeare was greater than any other English dramatist.

Superlative: Shakespeare was the greatest English dramatist.

Superlative degree का comparative degree में परिवर्तन

Superlative: She is the most talkative girl in our family.

Comparative: She is more talkative than any other girl in our family.

Superlative: June is the hottest month in India.

Comparative: June is hotter than any other month in India.

Active and Passive Voice

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